New Delhi, Oct. 4 -- Elevated global debt level, stressed asset valuations, high leverage in pursuit of higher returns, private credit vulnerabilities particularly in advanced economies and cyber risks compounded by artificial intelligence (AI) are some of the major global financial system vulnerabilities, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Sanjay Malhotra said on Saturday. "Each of these five risks individually, as I mentioned, may not be a matter of concern as of now, but simultaneous occurrence of these shocks can put significant pressure on the global financial architecture," he said, speaking about major emerging global financial stability risks at the 5th Kautilya Economic Conclave (KEC) in New Delhi. Malhotra said the financial system has absorbed the supply shock due to the West Asia conflict quite well. "However, the global economic environment continues to remain challenging," he added. "Conflict has exacerbated not only inflationary pressures, but it has also elevated financial system vulnerabilities," he said, highlighting five key risks. One of them has elevated global debt levels. they have risen, maturity periods have shortened, bond yields have hardened.," he said. These will have implications for sovereigns in terms of high borrowing costs that can narrow fiscal space and worsen the debt dynamics for corporates, he added. Elaborating the second risk of stressed asset valuations, particularly related to AI, he said, the investment cycle in the technology has been a major support for global financial markets as one has witnessed across the world especially in advanced economies with strong earnings driving significant gains in AI-related equity valuations. However, as the investment cycle matures, any slowdown in AI investment or earnings could trigger a sharp repricing of financial assets, especially in the AI value chain. High risk appetite has spurred an increase in leverage, which along with declining cash flow among major AI firms could further amplify market corrections and financial market volatility, he added. On the risk of high leverage, he said, in pursuit of higher returns, and this is particularly true of advanced economies, hedge funds, option sellers, exchange traded funds, and other non-bank financial intermediaries, they have expanded leverage both in equity and bond markets. This is of concern, especially when equity valuations are stressed and bank and NBFI interconnectedness has deepened, both on the liability as well as on the asset side, he said. Any tightening of financial conditions, therefore, can spill over to banks and other markets, he added. Elaborating the risks concerning private credit, he said: "This is more prominent in advanced countries." It's a source of vulnerability as was witnessed by the default of some of the very high-profile cases in the sector, suggesting weak and loose standards of lending. On cyber risks compounded by AI, Malhotra said: "The emergence of AI has heightened cyber risks, model risks, third-party dependence, and erosion of human oversight and accountability." To my mind, with the development of sophisticated AI tools, which have tremendous autonomy and problem-solving capabilities, the most immediate concern is regarding cyber risks, he said. This is especially so for the highly interconnected financial systems, which do not have national borders, he added. "What implications do these risks, global risks, have for India? India, as you are aware, is a large open economy and, hypothetically, it should have implications for our domestic financial systems. As I mentioned, India remains exposed to the effects of the West-Asia conflict, to higher commodity prices and external sector pressures. Nevertheless, our economy is navigating this phase from a position of strength," he said, pointing at relatively low inflation and strongest growth among major global economies....