India, Oct. 28 -- Legislative council elections in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar and Maharashtra have put the spotlight on the composition and functioning of the Upper Houses in India's state legislatures.

Also known as Vidhan Parishad, it is the upper house in those states that have a bicameral state legislature. Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the Constitution of India. Each member has a six-year term.

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Six states - Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh.

It cannot exceed one-third of the total strength of the state's legislative assembly and cannot be fewer than 40 members. Among the six states, Telangana has the smallest strength...