India, Aug. 5 -- Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Conventional chemotherapy often causes severe side effects, drug resistance, and damage to healthy tissues due to non-specific drug distribution, poor tumor penetration, and lack of active control after administration.

Current nanomedicines primarily rely on passive tumor accumulation, resulting in limited tissue penetration and poor spatial control, while most light-powered micro/nanorobots require ultraviolet or visible light with restricted tissue penetration and potential damage to healthy tissues. In contrast, stimulus-responsive nanorobots, controlled by external (e.g., near-infrared light or magnetic fields) or inter...