Bangladesh, June 1 -- The Bangladesh–Myanmar border has evolved into a mixed insurgency–border security environment shaped by militant infiltration, asymmetric violence, landmine threats, illicit trafficking corridors, and the expanding presence of armed non-state actors including the Arakan Army (AA), Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), Arakan Rohingya Army (ARA) and Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO).

The erosion of state authority in Rakhine State and the consolidation of Arakan Army territorial control have altered the regional security landscape, with the Arakan Army emerging as a de facto frontier authority opposite Bangladesh.

The deaths of three indigenous civilians in Bandarban from ARSA-linked landmines high...