KUALA LUMPUR, Oct. 29 -- Malaysia's recent haze episode carried an estimated RM8 billion in welfare losses, while short-term exposure to fine particles from fires may have contributed to about 1,700 deaths, according to a report commissioned by the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM).

The report valued the health burden of estimated premature deaths at between RM3 billion and RM15 billion, using standard benefit-transfer methods.

It said this represents what people would be willing to pay to avoid the risk of premature death - not lost economic output - and should not be added to other economic losses.

The haze also disrupted manufacturers indirectly through staff absences and school closures.

Among 59 sites reporting some ope...