New Delhi, June 19 -- India's energy security challenge extends well beyond the volume of coal, oil and gas it imports, with the deeper risk lying in a fossil fuel system exposed across concentrated suppliers, vulnerable shipping routes, limited reserves and refinery constraints, according to a new study by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW).

The study, titled 'How Secure is India's Energy Future? Assessing Accessibility, Reliability, and Affordability', found that India imported 88 per cent of its crude oil, nearly 48 per cent of its natural gas and about 26 per cent of its coal in 2024, with fossil fuels accounting for over 28 per cent of the country's total import bill in 2024-25.

CEEW assessed India's energy securit...