India, Nov. 15 -- Every year, nearly 200 countries gather at the Conference of the Parties (COP), the annual meeting of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to negotiate global action on limiting global warming. Discussions include mitigation (cutting emissions), adaptation, climate finance, loss and damage (support for countries already harmed by climate change), and carbon markets.

The 31st COP is underway in Antalya (November 9 to 20), with Turkiye as the host and COP president, and Australia leading the negotiations.

The two-week summit involves competing priorities and complex decision-making. Demystifying this step-by-step process reveals how sovereign powers navigate intense disagreements to ne...