New Delhi, June 18 -- India's fossil fuel dependence has evolved into a broader energy security risk, with vulnerabilities now extending beyond imports to supply chains, storage capacity, fuel affordability and strategic autonomy, according to a study released on Wednesday by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW). The report- Securing India's Energy Future: Assessing Fossil Fuel Risks through Accessibility, Reliability, and Affordability- found that India imported 88% of its crude oil, nearly 48% of its natural gas and about 26% of its coal in 2024. Meanwhile, fossil fuels accounted for more than 28% of the country's total import bill during 2024-25.

Other concerns raised in the study include India's dependence on a handful...