India, Oct. 27 -- A three-year investigation into South Africa's captive lion industry reveals widespread welfare issues, including cramped enclosures, early cub separation, and excessive human interaction.

Researchers found that no facility provided a high quality of life for lions, highlighting systemic problems in the industry and supporting calls for its complete phase-out to protect animal welfare.

An estimated 8,000 lions are held in captivity in South Africa in about 350 places, ranging from zoos to tourism venues where people can interact up close with the big cats. Lions are also bred for live trade, trade in body parts and captive hunts.

Along with other predators, captive lions are held in conditions that vary from small enc...