Pakistan, June 7 -- After twenty-eight years of the nuclear tests at Chagai, the strategic environment in South Asia has shifted in ways that Pakistan's original deterrence architects could not have imagined.

Pakistan's shift from Credible Minimum Deterrence to Full-Spectrum Deterrence was rooted in the assumption of the threat of conventional invasion, mass mobilisation, and decisive ground offensives. These old threats have not disappeared. But the nature of these threats has changed dramatically because modern conflicts are now not limited to just a single domain; rather, they are fought across multiple domains.

The conflict between India and Pakistan in May 2025 highlighted this shift more clearly than ever before. Neither side cros...