Pakistan, June 29 -- The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), mediated by the World Bank in 1960 between India and Pakistan, has for six decades been one of the world's most cited examples of enduring transboundary water cooperation. The treaty allocates the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and grants primary rights over the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan, while providing India with limited technical rights for storage and hydropower on the western system. Its structured institutional framework, including the Permanent Indus Commission and dispute resolution through Neutral Expert review and Court of Arbitration, was designed to manage conflict and ensure compliance.

However, in April 2025, India declared the treaty...