India, Sept. 29 -- By Vishu Adhana

New Delhi (India) September 29 (ANI): The brutality of the Mughal state against Sikh Gurus, particularly Guru Arjan Dev, Guru Tegh Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh, has few comparisons in history and was deeply rooted in the "rigid religious and discriminatory practices", the newly released Part 2 of the NCERT Class IX Social Science textbook says.

The textbook, in its chapter Resistance and Resilience (1000-1700 CE), says the "valour and sacrifice" of the Sikh Gurus "for the cause of the faith" became defining features of Sikhism, while their martyrdom strengthened the conviction among Sikhs that persecution had to be met with "firm resistance and resilience".

"The brutality of the Mughal state against ...