New Delhi, Sept. 28 -- The Indian subcontinent witnessed successive invasions from the 7th century onwards, driven by territorial expansion and religious motives, while Indian rulers and communities mounted resistance against Arab, Turkic, Mughal and European forces, according to the newly released Part 2 of the NCERT Class IX Social Science textbook.

The book, which contains a chapter titled Resistance and Resilience (1000-1700 CE), details several instances of resistance across different parts of the country and includes accounts of lesser-known women rulers such as Queen Naiki Devi of the Chaulukya kingdom and Rani Abbakka Chowta of Ullal.

The chapter says Queen Naiki Devi defeated Muhammad Ghuri at Kasahrada, near Mount Abu, in 1178...