The CSIS report, July 3 -- more than two million people killed or wounded on both sides of a single conflict.

Russia holding roughly 118,000 square kilometers of Ukrainian territory, approximately one-fifth of the country, but advancing at a pace the analysis compares, unfavorably, to the grinding first weeks of the Somme in 1916.

For Russia, the arithmetic is starkest. Jones and McCabe calculate that between February 2022 and June 2026, Russian forces suffered approximately 1.4 million total casualties, killed, wounded, and missing. Battlefield fatalities alone range from 400,000 to 450,000, a figure that eclipses the United States' combined war dead in every conflict from Korea through Afghanistan by a factor of four. The monthly toll...