Srinagar, July 29 -- Artificial intelligence has become the defining technology of our age. It writes essays, translates languages, detects patterns in medical images, recommends loans, screens job applicants, predicts consumer behaviour, and even generates music and art. Yet while millions use AI every day, few understand what happens beneath the surface.

AI may appear magical, but its foundations are mathematics.

Behind every chatbot, recommendation engine, facial-recognition system, and large language model lies a structure built from linear algebra, calculus, probability, statistics, optimisation, and geometry. Understanding these foundations helps us recognise why AI is powerful, why it sometimes invents information, and how it can...